Diet, Nutrition & the Context of Risk Part 1

Diet, Nutrition & the Context of Risk Part 1

Food and supplement safety is a topic that often comes up when I speak to DC’s for CE relicensing even when it is not the advertised subject. In fact, it was an off-topic discussion that prompted me to research and write about genetically modified foods ( the umbrella term is GMO with the ‘O’ standing for organism) (See Dynamic Chiropractic V34 N3 2013) when a DC said that she would never eat corn because of how unhealthy GMO’s are. My reply caught her off guard because instead of arguing about corn on the cob, I pointed to the can of soda and little bag of cookies on her desk and asked why she was worried about corn.

This news-out-of-context theme usually works like this:
1. The headline overstates the findings
2. Most people don’t take (or have) the time to carefully the entire article
3. They unknowingly get wrong impression
4. Which is then repeated to family, friends & co-workers

Obviously, details count to get any story right. In the case of nutrition, details count even more because the facts are so often nuanced and one size does not fit all. Nutrition information is rife secondary gain and it is not 1 sided because any party that has to defend a market share (or try to expand it) will put their survival over yours. My approach is to trust no one & question everyone because, as I have said before, I do not care what the truth is, as long as I know it. Furthermore, if the truth is unknown or not understood, the chances of a good decision are slim at best. This is especially important when the subject is food safety and the risk posed by chemicals, contaminants and toxins which may or may not be in our food. I say “may or may not” because we test our food like we test political opinions with 1 exception: when it comes to food there is no election day. Confused ? See box 1. Otherwise, if the analogy worked, here are 2 examples:

Concern about Salmon because fatty fish are high in chemicals
A few years ago, researchers did a complex analysis on the risks & benefits of farmed and wild salmon. [ref 1] It weighed the benefits of the essential fatty acids against the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dioxins and other chemicals that are now found in seafood. The details their calculations are beyond the scope of this article, but, if you suffer from dry eyes, a careful read will activate your tear ducts. Conflict of interest was denied and I failed to find any secondary gain when I Googled a couple of the authors. (My search was far from exhaustive but It was enough to catch anything blatant.) Their findings were as follows:
--- Neither farmed nor wild salmon can be consumed at rates that provide 1 gram a day of EPA and DHA while maintaining an acceptable level of carcinogenic risk due to the presence of PCB’s and other chemicals.
--- When salmon are consumed at levels that provide 1 g/d EPA+DHA, cumulative cancer risk for farmed salmon is 24 times* the acceptable cancer risk level.
* If 100,000 consumed this amount daily for 70 years, there would be 24 deaths from cancer.
--- When wild salmon are consumed at levels that provide 1 g/d EPA+DHA, cumulative cancer is 8 times** the acceptable cancer risk level.
**If 100,000 consumed this amount daily for 70 years, there would be 8 deaths from cancer.
--- When farmed or wild salmon are consumed at levels that provide 1 g/d EPA+DHA, the number of lives saved from heart disease over the 70 year period would be 7,100.

If these calculations were off by a factor of 100, the average person is still be much better off to eat farmed Salmon than to avoid it. Does that mean that we shouldn’t worry about PCB’s and other chemicals in salmon? Of course not. Individuals with a family history of cancer who eat heart healthy diets may have individual risk factors that make it wise for them to avoid salmon. But for most people, the odds are much greater a life saved from heart disease than a life lost from cancer. Finally, for those who are wondering why mercury was not mentioned, see box 2.

Concern about pesticides in produce
A second study calculated the risk-benefit of increasing produce consumption. [ref 2] Again, I will skip the tedious details (available by looking up the reference) The researchers calculated what would happen if 50% of Americans (~150 million people) increased its fruit and vegetable intake by one serving of each per day. They explained what qualified as a serving (French fries did not count as a vegetable), calculated the effects of the additional nutrients the 2 servings provided and then figured out what effects the additional pesticides in the 2 servings would cause. Their estimates were based on published meta-analysis of nutritional epidemiology studies along with data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and selected animal studies. Their results were as follows:
-- Approximately 20,000 cancer cases per year could be prevented by consuming one more serving of fruit & one more serving of vegetables
-- Approximately 10 cases of cancer per year would be caused from the increased pesticide intake

Like the first example, if these calculations were off by a factor of 100, the average American would still be much better off having an extra serving of commercially grown fruit and vegetables daily. In other words, not eating enough vegetables and fruit is much more dangerous than the pesticides they may contain.

In part 2 we will discuss other out-of-context concerns caused by incomplete information

1.Foran, J A. Good, D H, Carpenter, D O et al. "Quantitative analysis of the benefits and risks of consuming farmed and wild salmon." The Journal of nutrition 135.11 (2005): 2639-2643.

2. Ralston NV, Raymond LJ. Dietary selenium's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity. Toxicology. 2010 Nov 28;278(1):112-23. doi:
10.1016/j.tox.2010.06.004. Epub 2010 Jun 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 20561558.

3.R, Johnston J, Tucker K, DeSesso JM, Keen CL. Estimation of cancer risks and benefits associated with a potential increased consumption of fruits and vegetables. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 Dec;50(12):4421-7. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.055. Epub 2012 Sep 5. PubMed PMID: 22981907.

BOX 1
In the United States, a typical presidential poll gets it’s results from 1000 voters. Since 125 million people participate in the general election, a poll only tests 1 person out of every 125,000 who vote. Our food supply is monitored the same way except there is never a day when, for example, every single apple or carrot or berry we eat is thoroughly tested. In other words, if you purchase an organic apple because numerous studies confirm that organic apples have lower amounts of pesticide residues than commercially farmed apples, you do not know if the actual apple you bought has unwanted chemicals because the apple you bought (like most of the food we buy) was never tested.

BOX 2
Many people incorrectly believe that too much salmon can cause mercury toxicity. Both farmed and wild salmon have low levels of mercury. Furthermore, both farmed and wild salmon are high in selenium which will prevent and can even reverse mercury toxicity. [2] Only fish with high mercury levels that are also low in selenium pose a risk of mercury overload.

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